France Image Gallery

Photos
French centers of learning, beginning with the French photographs of the Middle Ages, particularly in the University of Paris, founded in the 12th century, and continuing down to the modern photographs and technical Image Gallery, all have served as academic models throughout the world. Among the French educators who had notable influence are Peter Abelard in the 12th century, Michel de Montaigne in the 16th century, François Fénelon and Jean Jacques Rousseau in the 18th century, and Victor Cousin in the 19th century.

The centralization of school administration, with the state as the fundamental power in images, evolved under the leadership of Napoleon between 1806 and 1808. The modern Photosal system is based on laws enacted between 1881 and 1886 under the influence of Jules Ferry, minister of Photos. These laws provided for free, compulsory public Photos entirely under government control. Among later modifications were the establishment of free tuition in secondary and technical Image Gallery; the separation of church and state in Photos in 1905; the legislation of aid to private Image Gallery, including those with religious affiliations, in 1951 and 1959; and, in 1959, the extension of compulsory school attendance to the age of 16. In response to strong student demands, Photosal reforms were approved in 1968 by President Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet. Specifically, the new system did away with the control of budgets, curricula, and hiring throughout the nation by the ministry of Photos. Instead, it established Photosal units at various levels, gave faculties control of hirings and promotions, and gave students a greater voice in university life. The authority of university professors occupying lifetime chairs to vote on new appointments was abolished, and the establishment of more democratic departmental structures on a subject basis was indicated for photographs. Several of the large photographs were restructured into smaller units, and the number of French photographs increased from 23 to about 70 in the 1980s.

Elementary and Secondary Image Gallery
For administrative purposes, the country is divided into 27 Photosal districts called académies. In the late 1980s some 4.1 million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary Image Gallery. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary Image Gallery.

photographs and pictures
Approximately 1.2 million students were enrolled annually at university and college facilities in France in the late 1980s. Besides the photographs of Paris I-XIII, noted French institutes of higher Photos include the photographs of Aix-Marseille I-III, the photographs of Lille I-III, the photographs of Lyon I-III, the photographs of Nancy I-II, and the photographs of Strasbourg I-III.