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 Geography
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Geography |
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the
Adriatic Sea and Croatia
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E
Map references: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe
Area:
total: 51,129 sq km
land: 51,129 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West
Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,459 km
border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and
Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with
Montenegro)
Coastline: 20 km
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe
winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Terrain: mountains and valleys
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite,
manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc,
hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 14%
permanent crops: 5%
permanent pastures: 20%
forests and woodland: 39%
other: 22% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues: air pollution from
metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste
are limited; widespread casualties, water shortages, and
destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95
civil strife
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements
Geography - note: within Bosnia and Herzegovina's
recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint
Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory)
and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska [RS] (about
49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is
contiguous to Croatia and traditionally has been settled
by an ethnic Croat majority
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Background:
Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October
of 1991, was followed by a referendum for independence from the
former Yugoslavia in February of 1992. The Bosnian Serbs -
supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed
resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines
and joining Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March
1994, Bosnia's Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring
factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a
joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21
November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties signed a
peace agreement that brought to a halt the three years of
interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in
Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement divides Bosnia
and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska. In
1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of
60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the
military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a
smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission is to
deter renewed hostilities. SFOR remains in place, with troop
levels to be reduced to about 19,000 by spring 2000.
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People |
Population: 3,835,777
note: all data dealing with population are
subject to considerable error because of the
dislocations caused by military action and ethnic
cleansing (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 20% (male 401,554; female 379,303)
15-64 years: 71% (male 1,403,618; female
1,323,307)
65 years and over: 9% (male 138,173; female
189,822) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.1% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 12.92 births/1,000 population (2000
est.)
Death rate: 7.87 deaths/1,000 population (2000
est.)
Net migration rate: 25.92 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 25.17 deaths/1,000 live
births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.49 years
male: 68.78 years
female: 74.38 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.71 children born/woman (2000
est.)
Nationality:
noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic groups: Serb 31%, Bosniak 44%, Croat 17%,
Yugoslav 5.5%, other 2.5% (1991)
note: Bosniak has replaced muslim as an ethnic
term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term
Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic
15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%
Languages: Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian
Literacy:
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%
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Communications |
Telephones - main lines in use: 238,000 (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 4,000 (1999)
Telephone system: telephone and telegraph network
is in need of modernization and expansion; many urban
areas are below average when compared with services in
other former Yugoslav republics
domestic: NA
international: no satellite earth stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 16, shortwave
1 (1998)
Radios: 940,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 33 (plus 292
repeaters) (September 1995)
Televisions: NA
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (1999)
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Transportation |
Railways:
total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km; operating as
diesel or steam until grids are repaired)
standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1995);
note - some segments still need repair and/or
reconstruction
Highways:
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,425 km
unpaved: 10,421 km (1996 est.)
note: roads need maintenance and repair
Waterways: NA km; large sections of the Sava blocked
by downed bridges, silt, and debris
Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km
(1992); note - pipelines now disrupted
Ports and harbors: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski
Brod, Bosanski Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway
ports on the Sava none of which are fully operational),
Orasje
Merchant marine: none (1999 est.)
Airports: 27 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
under 914 m: 3 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 10 (1999 est.)
Heliports: 4 (1999 est.) |
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