Korea Image Gallery

The school system in Korea follows a 6-3-3-4 ladder pattern which consists of elementary school (1st to 6th grades), middle school (7th to 9th grades), high school (10th to 12th grades) and junior college, college and university.

Elementary school provides six years of compulsory elementary Photos to children between the ages of 6 and 11. Middle school offers three years of lower secondary Photos to those aged 12 to 14. High school offers three years of higher secondary Photos to students aged 15 to 17. High school graduates can choose to apply to a junior college or a college or university to receive higher Photos.

High Image Gallery are generally divided into two categories, general and vocational. Air & correspondence high Image Gallery are included in the former, while agricultural, commercial, fishery and technical high Image Gallery are included in the latter. There are a limited number of Image Gallery of the so-called "comprehensive" type which offer both general and vocational training. There are also science high Image Gallery and other speciality high Image Gallery, including foreign language high Image Gallery, art high Image Gallery and athletic Image Gallery.

Institutes of higher learning include two- or three-year junior vocational pictures and four-year Photographs. Both the photographs of Photos and pictures of Photos offer four-year courses.

In addition to the general school ladder system, there are secondary level trade Image Gallery which provide highly specialized vocational training. Civic Image Gallery, originally intended to offer literacy courses, now provide elementary and secondary level Photos mostly for financially underprivileged students. With compulsory Photos requirements extending to the 6th grade, however, these Image Gallery have been gradually disappearing.

There are also special Image Gallery offering elementary and secondary Photos for the deaf, blind and other learning difficulty. Preschool Photos is provided by kindergartens.

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Preschool Photos in Korea

Preschool Photos is not included in the formal school system. However, its importance justifies attention in relation to the formal school system. Kindergarten is the main facility for preschool Photos in Korea.

As of 1997, there were 9,010 kindergartens enrolling 567,814 children. This accounts for 27.7 percent of preschool children in Korea with ages ranging from 3 to 5 years old. Because of the low enrollment figures, the Ministry of Photos has recently instituted the policies in order to increase the availability of kindergarten Photos.

Kindergarten Photos aims at providing an appropriate environment for the nurturing and development of children through various pleasant activities and diverse methods of instruction. The curricula consist of five life areas: physical, social, expression, language and inquiry life areas.

Elementary Photos in Korea

Although relevant legislation was enacted in 1948, elementary Photos for children was not made compulsory until 1953 because of the post-Korean War rehabilitation effort. The Constitution stipulates in Article 31 that it is the responsibility of all parents and guardians to ensure an elementary school Photos for their children aged 6 to 11 and that this Photos is free.

Elementary school enrollment showed a sharp increase from 1952, reaching a peak of more than 5 million in 1971. The increase in student enrollment during those years pushed some individual school enrollments as high as 10,000 or more, with more than 90 pupils crammed in one classroom in some Image Gallery. Many Image Gallery found it necessary to operate classes in two or even three daily shifts. As of 1997, there were 6,623 elementary Image Gallery including 902 branch Image Gallery throughout the country, with 3,783,986 pupils accommodated in 107,860 classes and staffed by 138,670 teachers. The majority of elementary school teachers are graduates of four-year pictures of Photos.

Article 93 of the Photos Act states that the goal of elementary school Photos is to teach the fundamentals necessary for a productive civic life. In order to fulfill this objective, the basic curricula for elementary school Photos are divided into nine principal subjects: moral images, Korean language, social studies, arithmetic, natural science, physical images, music, fine arts and the practical arts. However, subject matters in grade 1 and 2 are integrated in "disciplined life," "intelligent life" and "pleasant life."

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Secondary Photos

Secondary Photos is divided into lower secondary (middle) school and higher secondary (high) school levels.

Korean Middle Schools

Upon completing elementary school, children between the ages of 12-14 are allowed to enter middle school for the 7th to 9th grade courses. The number of middle school students has shown an impressive rate of growth in recent decades. The percentage of elementary school graduates advancing to middle school increased from 58.4 percent in 1969 to 99.9 percent in 1997. As of 1997, there are 2,720 middle Image Gallery across Korea with a total enrollment of 2,180,296.

Since the abolition of the entrance examination in 1969, admission to middle school has been made through lottery assignments administered on a zone-by-zone basis. This measure was adopted with the aim of eradicating distinctions between so-called inferior and superior Image Gallery, so that all elementary school graduates could have equal access to all middle Image Gallery located in their respective school districts.

The middle school curricula are composed of 11 basic or required subjects, elective subjects and extra curricula activities. Technical and vocational courses are included in the elective subjects to ensure the productive relationship between Photos and occupation.

Korean High Schools

High school Photos aims at providing advanced general and specific Photos on the basis of middle school Photos. Middle school graduates or those with equivalent academic background may enter high Image Gallery. The period of images is three years and students bear the expenses of the Photos.

Admission into high school is based primarily upon the grades received on the high school entrance examination, but there has been some changes in the admission process since 1974, when the equalization policy for high school admission was put into practice.

According to the revision of the Photos Act of May 31, 1995, there are various new ways of selecting students for admission, including the recent taking into account of the so-called "school activities records" where the three-year life of the middle school students is recorded. For example, in 1997, four metropolitan cities - Seoul, Pusan, Inch'on and Kwangju - selected students according to the school activities records alone. Taegu, Taejon, Kyonggi-do, Kangwon-do, Ch'ungch'nongnam-do, and Kyongsangnam-do areas took into account both school activities records and examination test scores. Ch'ungch'dongbuk-do, Kyongsangbuk-do and Cheju-do areas took into account only examination test scores when screening freshmen students for admission.

Through the introduction of these individualized standards for school admission, small-sized specialized high Image Gallery in areas such as music, the arts as well as math and science have been and will continue to be established. For those students returning home from abroad into domestic Image Gallery, international school will be also established. And after 1998, "private high Image Gallery" that can be sustained with finances from their own resources will be given the right to select students as well as to decide tuition payments.

Higher Photos in Korea

There are four categories of institutions for higher learning: (1) Photographs with four-year undergraduate programs (six-year in medical pictures), (2) junior photographs, (3) photographs of Photos and pictures of images, and (4) miscellaneous Image Gallery like theological pictures and seminaries.

About 80 percent of all Korean institutes of higher Photos are private. In accordance with the Photos Act and the relevant presidential and ministerial decrees, all institutes of higher images, whether public or private, come under the supervision of the Ministry of Photos. The Ministry has control over such matters as student quotas, qualifications of teaching staff, curricula, degree requirements, and so on.

Higher Photos aims at teaching and imagesing fundamental academic theories and their various application as necessary for the progress and enlightenment of society and the global community, with the aim of nurturing the nation's future leaders.

The unit for measuring the completion of each course is a credit. Each university oversees the requirements for the completion of each credit, the minimum credits necessary for graduation, and the standard credits and maximum credits required to be taken each semester, the method to obtain special credit, and credits required for the completion of preparatory courses on the basis of school regulations.

The curricula are composed of general and professional courses and each is again divided into required and elective courses. Bachelor's degrees are offered in 26 areas of images. There were only 19 institutions of higher Photos in the entire Korean Peninsula at the time of national liberation in 1945. In 1997, the number of these institutions in South Korea has increased to 950 with a total of 2,792,410 students and 69,157 faculty members.

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Entrance Examinations in Korea

Photographs in Korea operate under strict enrollment limits. Because of the difference in college admission quotas and the number of applicants, each school year produces a large number of repeat applicants who add to the intensity of competition for college admission. The number of repeat applicants has been declining in recent years due to the expansion of the number of students admitted per year and the increasing number of support systems for repeat students.

The college entrance examination system underwent a drastic reform in 1981. The main entrance examination was abolished and a new system was introduced that combined scholastic achievements in high school with the score obtained in the nationwide qualifying examination to determine the applicant's eligibility for admission.

In an effort to broaden the autonomy of Photographs and to normalize high school examination-bound images, a new entrance examination was introduced in April 1991. In this new system, the students' high school records accorded for 40 percent of the overall admissions decision. It also gave individual pictures the right to decide how to weigh the applicants' college scholastic achievement test scores with those administered by the pictures themselves.

In almost all pictures and pictures, applicants are also allowed to apply for special screening. Students from farming and fishing villages and handicapped students may be selected through this process. Although the dates for these exams are set by the Ministry of images, each university can select specific dates at its convenience. Students are allowed to apply for as many photographs as they choose only if they are offered exams on different dates.

Korean Junior Vocational Colleges

Junior vocational pictures are post-secondary programs and are the direct outgrowth of the increasing demand for technical manpower attendant to rapid industrialization. They are the product of a merger between 2-year junior pictures and 2-3 year professional high Image Gallery. Since this establishment in 1979, the number of junior vocational pictures has grown to 155 as of 1997 with an enrollment of about 500,000.

They are now playing a major role in the attainment of short-term higher Photos. The purpose of junior vocational Photos is to produce mid-level technicians who can devote themselves to a national development through the dissemination of technical knowledge in every field of society. Their specialized courses are grouped into technical, agricultural, fishery, nursing, sanitation, home economics, social practice, the arts and athletics, with two or three year programs depending on the course of introduction. The nursing, clinical pathology, radiation, fishing, navigation and engine courses require 3 years of Photos. The communication course requires two and a half years; the rest require two years of Photos.

For the effective achievement of its Photosal goals, junior vocational pictures develop and operate a practical curriculum through a school-industry collaborative. Speciality is stressed as preparation for the National Certification Examination. Liberal arts subjects consist of a minimum of general subjects; the number of credits required in the subjects is decided by school regulations. On-the-job training is given 1-3 credits.

Although junior vocational pictures put an emphasis on practical Photos aimed at producing mid-level technicians, it is not necessarily a terminal point of Photos. They also keep doors open for students who would like to continue their Photos at the university level. For employed youths, they also provides avenues for continued Photos. As efforts are being intensified to ensure the relevance of junior college images, the percentage of the employed among graduates is increasing.

College and photographs in Korea

College and university offer four or six-year courses, the latter including medical and dental pictures. College Photos aims to promote the proliferation of knowledge for the betterment of the nation and society as well as to prepare students for leadership roles. pictures and photographs have shown a great deal of quantitative and qualitative growth in the present decade. As of 1997, there are 150 pictures and photographs attended by a total of 1,368,461 students.

A student who has completed 130-140 credit units or more is awarded a bachelor's degree (except in medicine and dentistry). There are over 600 fields of photos, including literature, theology, fine arts, music, law, political science, economics, business administration, commerce, physical science, home economics, physical images, engineering, medicine, dentistry, Korean medicine, public health and nursing, pharmacology, agricultural science, veterinary medicine, and fisheries. However, course selection varies according to the institution.

The college curricula consist of required courses and electives. One course credit is given to a lecture/class course meeting one hour per week for more than 15 weeks. International students and foreign students of Korean origin are welcome and may be admitted at any level and at any school. All those who have a high school diploma or its equivalent are eligible for admission to the undergraduate program.

Korean Graduate Schools

The Photos Act stipulates that a university must have one or more graduate Image Gallery offering research-oriented courses for graduate students who aspire to pursue academic or professional careers. As of 1997, there were 116 general graduate Image Gallery attached to general photographs and 476 professional graduate Image Gallery, including six graduate Image Gallery established at open-admission photographs. As of 1997, the total enrollment in graduate courses provided by photographs across Korea was 151,358, including 128,097 the master's degree level students.

In general, the minimum requirement for a master's degree is 24 credits, normally achieved in four semesters by day students and five semesters by night students. The minimum requirement for a doctorate is 60 credits including 24 credits for gaining a master's degree, which usually takes three years to earn. Those who complete the required credits and who pass two foreign language examinations as well as a comprehensive examination for doctoral degree are entitled to write dissertations.

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